Quarterly
Vol 2 - #2 - Spring 1979
History Of The Opposition-Ravenden Area
By Ted Dail
History Of The Opposition-Ravenden Area
By Ted Dail
The Opposition-Ravenden area is located in Northeast Arkansas. lt is about ten miles up in the foothills of the Ozarks near Spring River, in what hecame known as Lawrence County. Little is known about the prehistoric era of the Opposition-Ravenden area. However, Indians did live in this area, and archeologist believe that they were from the Osage and Quapaw tribes.
(1) The Osage Indians are believed to have come north in search of buffalo and some remained in this area. The Osage lived in houses that were round and mat covered. They hunted game when not tending their crops (mainly corn). They also held dignified ceremonies that they believed would make their corn grow and their warriors brave. The Quapaw, also known as Arkansas Indians or Downstream People, built homes that were rectangular, with poles for frame work and cypress bark for covering. Like most other Indians the Quapaw worshipped the sun and other gods, and believed in spirits. The Osage and Quapaw Indians were here when the first white men arrived, but left shortly after the Louisiana Purchase which was in 1803.
(2)
Today if you travel through Opposition along
the winding gravel road you see thick underbrush and thickets of vegatation
along the road. Therefore, it is extremely difficult to imagine the happenings
of ninety or a hundred years ago. "Only a ghost town remains of that splendid
era." Of that tale of long ago only the tranquil hills and fertile
valleys of Spring River remain, and the memory of that courageous man who
was one of Arkansas' greatest pioneers, William
J. Ball. Yes, it was he who chose as his fate to whittle a vast empire
out of this wilderness of Northeast Arkansas.
(3)
It was he who knew what progress was, that
age when old things gave way to the new. Today one wonders if people are
really as happy as they were in the day when prestige, fame, and "Keeping
up with the Jones" were not so important. It was the time when one cared
for his fellow man and God. Yes, it is the future that leads to change,
and so it must have been for Mr. Ball. Mr. William J. Ball
was born in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, September 13, 1825. He was the son
of W. T. Ball an Englishman and a native of Worchester. W. T. Ball was
a soldier in Wellington's army, and he fought against Napoleon. He was
in the British army at the battle of New Orleans, but he deserted his army
to join the young nation in its fight against the mother country. Afterward
he settled in Tennessee, married,
and raised his family. W. T. Ball died in
1873.
(4)
William J. Ball lived with his father
until he was eighteen. Then he received a job carrying mail by stage until
1858. He first came to Arkansas on a cattle drive in 1849 or early 1850.
After returning to Tennessee he returned accompanied by his family and
three Negro slaves. They carried their possessions in covered wagons. Once
there he
settled in Lawrence. County, and bought large
sums of land in Spring River Township.
(5)
When William J. Ball first saw Spring
River and the beautiful valley he must have known he had reached the end
of his journey. And why not? For truly it was sight to behold, the river
with its fresh, clear water, the valley with its tall forrest and wild
game. Mr. Ball probably did not know that Spring River flowed
from one of the largest springs in the world, Mammoth Spring. The river
then flows by Many Islands, Hardy, Williford, and then passes by the Opposition-
Ravenden area and Imboden before dumping into the Black River at Black
Rock, almost seventy-five miles from its source. The fish were plentiful
in Spring River then; there were even the Rainbow Trout in the
upper part, which can not survive in temperatures
over seventy-five degrees. For a while it was as if no outside world
existed, so they made do as best they could. There was wood for buildings
and fires; rock for fireplaces
and chimneys. There was hardly any money comng
in but they did notneed any, for theirs was a life of simple pleasures,
a "square dance," a visit to the neighbors, a "barn raisin." There
was work such as clearing fields, pulling up stumps, breaking ground, planting
crops, and fencing the fields. There were also the usual births, marriages
and funerals, and other personal happenings which made the world go around
for them. Mr. Ball was the most important man in this community.
He built the first church, school, store, and he also erected a saw mill
that supplied
not only this community but also the outside
world. There was also a blacksmith shop, a huge cotton gin, and an ice
house. Ice was cut in blocks from the creeks and rivers in the winter,
and was stored for the long hot summer months that were always ahead.
William J. Ball entered into business at Powhatan until war broke out between
the states. During the war he had charge of a distillery on
"Martin's Creek", in Randolph County, for the government.
(6)
In 1866 he moved back to
Tennessee, for the purpose of giving his children a good education. While
there Mr. Ball engaged in a large merchandise business. However, after
a year he returned to Lawrence County.
(7)
When Mr. Ball
returned he named this still triving community
"Opposition". According to Mr. Ball the nearest town was Smithville
and his town was in direct opposition to Smithville. After a long
expensive fight, Mr. Ball managed to acquire a United States Post Office,
thus putting Opposition on the map.
(8)
There were no roads in
those days as we know them today, so transportation was entirely
by foot, horse or mule, buggy or wagon. However, there was
also another means of transportation which was water. It was used
to transport necessary commodities and produce to and from Powhatan,
the county seat of Lawrence County. This little city was very important
to the people of Opposition, for it was virtually the only link to
the outside world.
(9)
Yet as bad as the roads
were there were wagons coming and going almost constantly. These
wagons not only carried supplies to Opposition and area, but also
for the people of Randolph and Sharp Counties. People came
in all directions to the Ball settlement, where they could trade for anything
from coffins and horse collars to whiskey.. Yes, for whiskey was
sold just as anything else, over the counter. In spite of this, little
trouble ever took place in or around this community. When questioned about
the exact location of the first Ball home and buildings, the late Mrs.
Lillian Manning of Ravenden, daughter of the late Sam Ball, and granddaughter
of William J. Ball, answered.
V "The house was a huge double log building quite large,
and I do remember that it stood at the top of the hill where the
Morris home is now located.It was a beautiful place, and as a small
child I used to play between the house and store, which was built
down at the foot of the hill. There were so many shade trees and
it was always nice and cool Oh, yes, and my grandmother's name was
Polly."
(10)
It was noted that probably
as many as seventy-five children attended the school at Opposition
at one time. They came from all directions on foot, horseback, and
even in wagons, for this was the only school within many miles.
A large company in Memphis that Mr. Ball dealt with for years, presented
him with a gigantic bell for the school building. It had the clearest and
best carrying sound that anyone had ever heard, and why not? For that huge
bell was the best of bells, and they sure knew how to make bells back then.
It contained pure silver, silver equivalent to sixty
silver dollars.
(11)
A number of doctors practiced around
the Opposition community from time to time. They were Dr. George Ball and
Dr. Austin just to name a few. Some of the early pioneer names of the Opposition
area were Sloans, Reeds, Caldwells, and later the Hathocoat, Lawrences,
Holders, Ratliffs, Picketts, Stuarts, Halsteads, Watts, Millers, Braggs,
Jines, Andersons, Janes, Smiths, Browns, and several more. Most of
these pioneers were from Tennessee. Most promient of them was "Uncle" Jack
Hayes, born April 10, 1842, died October 23, 1929. His wife was a sister
of William J. Ball's wife. Another pioneer who came here in 1877 was "Uncle"
Joe Bottoms.
(12)
In the Civil War Mr. Hayes served under
General Stonewall Jackson. Mr. Hayes was present when General Jackson was
shot and killed, but soon afterward was captured and held in prison until
after the war. On his way home he stopped in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, and
married Miss Elizabeth Crouse in 1881. In 1882 they moved to Opposition,
which at that time was a booming little town. Mr. Hayes purchased land
and built his home one mile from the town. He took an active part in the
affairs of the town. It was written of him by L. H. Walker, another well
known
resident of the community. "He
is not the only one who came to Opposition when that town had great hopes
of being a city of renown and lost. . . . ."
(13)
Jeff Hathcoat's father came here soon
after the Civil War was over, too. However, first he stopped at Memphis
and got married. They purchased land near Opposition and two years later,
in 1885, Jeff was born.
(14)
Henry Holder came to Opposition from
Tennessee about a year after the Ball family. Mr. Holder purchased land
on what is known now as Ravenden Mail Route Number One, here he established
a large farm. Today it is known as the George Holder place. George M. D.
Holder was the son of Henry Holder and the father of Sam, Layton, Cleo,
and Vera.
(15)
George Holder maintained
a large store as well as his farm. His store was not located directly
in Opposition it was several miles from there. It served the
residents of that section in supplying the necessities such as
candles and oil for the lanterns. There was no electricity in those days
so candles, lanterns, and coal oil lamps were used for light.
(16) The old church house in Opposition was practically built by George Holder. Members of the congregation were asked to help, but later Mr. Holder took off a year from his farming and finished it. Mr. Holder also took an active part in the building of the Opposition School.
(17) Many times progress for some means the end of a way of life for others, and so it must have been for the residences of Opposition, when it was learned that the Frisco Railroad (as it was later called) would locate in this part of lawrence County. Hopes were high that it would run through Opposition, and add to the progress and prosperity of this community. However, when the railroad finally was located through Lawrence County, it was discovered that it would miss Opposition entirely, and locate just a few miles away in what later became the town of Ravenden. As Opposition died, the new town of Ravenden took on form. Ravenden at that time was a plantation. It was owned by Alfred Oaks, who came here from Smithville in about 1885.(18) Mr. Oaks' home was built overlooking Spring River, which was just a short distance away. His home, built in the Southern Colonial style, was one of the finest in this part of Arkansas. When the railroad came through it served as a dividing line between the upper and lower lands of the plantation. The railroad came near the large, beautiful plantation house, and just north of the tracks, opposite the house, was a large community cemetery, where many of the early, prominent, settlers were buried, among those were the Chlider and Sloan families. This was where the store of Frank Gee's was located, also many homes today are built on what was once the cemetery. Just up the tracks, about a hundred yards west of the cemetery, was a very large fruit or- chard, where the first town lots were located.
(19))
The Oaks plantation, like
other plantations, had Negro slaves before the war. Mr. Oaks' slaves
enjoyed their homes'which were located near his own. They celebrated
Saturday afternoons, and Saturday nights, and Sunday when work
was finished. All over the country side the Negro songs, yells, and
laughter could be heard. Several Negroes today bear the Oaks name,
for they took the names of their masters when they were freed.
Alfred Oaks deeded his land here to Doctor Thacker, the husband of his
only living child. This is where the Thacker Township got its name.
(20)
Ravenden Springs at that time was quite
famous as a health resort, for its springs were drawing guest from many
states. The railroad company planned to build a branch line from Ravenden,
which is on the main line, to Ravenden Springs, seven miles away. They
planned to name this town Ravenden Junction; however, the branch line was
never built so theJunction was dropped entirely,
and the town became known as Ravenden.
(21)
The City of Ravenden was filed for
record, July 17, 1883. Also the depot and section house were built the
same year.
(22) Being like his father before him, Sam Ball, William J. Ball's son, saw his opportunity and immediately seized his chance and started building a large store in 1883, in the new town that was rising up around the railroad tracks. Shortly before Trick Ball, Sam's brother, opened the first drugstore in Ravenden in 1879.
(23) Sam Ball's store was two stories in height.
The upper story was devoted to furniture, undertakers goods, clothing,
and so forth. The lower storyhad dry goods, boots and shoes, groceries,
and general merchandise. He
handled both cotton and stock to a large degree.
He owned two large farms on Spring River, one in Lawrence County, the other
in Randolph County. All together he did a businss of $35,000.00 to $40,000.00
annually. He also invested in a large cotton gin in Ravenden.
(24)
The Sam Ball residence, in Ravenden,
was known far and wide as one of the finest homes, or maybe the finest,
on the railroad line from Memphis to Springfield. People came from all
around to see this show place, which was known as the Historical Ball mansion.
It stood on ahill over looking the town, Spring River, the railroad racks
the new
depot, and far off in the distance the road
to opposition. Truly it was a sight to see, as it could be observed from
the railroad tracks by the crew and passengers. The home, built in 1898,
was of native pine and cypress lumber of the very best grade, timber which
can not be found in this country today. It is estimated that 65,000
feet of lumber went in the construction of this building, which had
twelve giant rooms all 20 feet X 20 feet that were divided by sixty
feet hallways both upstairs and down. A bath house was built just
a few feet from the main house, where an old-fashioned cast iron stove
with a boiler, was used for heating the bath water.
(25)
The Ball home was furnished with
antiques, many of them shipped from England by Ball ancestors many
years before. There were ornate carved iron beds, gleaming wardrobes
so high they almost touched the ceiling, marble topped dressers,
tables of every kind, shape and size, carved rockers covered with
the softest of velvet and faded silk brocades, China and silverware,
crystal as clear and shining as a bell, woven blankets, handmade
counterpanes linen towels carpets of velour texture on the floors,
tapestries on the wall, pictures and mirrors and soft shaded lights.
On November 1878 he married Margarit Willigard, of Randolph
County, they had five children, Millard, well known banker and lawyer;
Dr. Cleo, who practiced medicine in and around the Ravenden areas
from 1905 until his death.. Dr. Ernest Ball and another brother Luke,
who operated the large section of Ball property near Opposition, and
Lillian who lived in Ravenden until just a short time ago.
(26)
Until not too long ago
there was nothing along both sides of Spring River but Ball property
and possessions. It was the work of one family, and caused by lhe
actions of one man, William J. Ball, and the three slaves, who came
here with him. Just as William J. Ball was instrumental in forming
Opposition, Sam Ball was instrumental in the forming of Ravenden.
Associated with Sam were James Washum, Frank Gee, and Frank Bragg.
Also J. M. Miliner and W. F. Blackwell were among those who opened
places of business. William Wilson was also a prominent citizen until
he moved to Imboden in the 1890's.
(27)
The first railroad built in Arkansas
was between Memphis and Little Rock, it was completed in 1871. However,
it was not until 1883 that the railroad through Ravenden was completed.
The first train on this line, to reach Memphis, went through, October
20, 1883; it carried a load of meat from Kansas City. However, the
first train to go through Ravenden appeared around 1882. The reason
for this was that the railroad tracks were laid in both directions.
The Frisco was known at first as the Kansas City, Springfield,
and Memphis Railroad. Later it was changed to the Kansas City, Fort
Scott and Memphis Railroad Company. It was not until 1928 that
it acquired the name Frisco.
(28)
A well was dug
and walled with rock in 1883, by
"Uncle"Jimmie Williams. It furnished thousands of barrels of water to the
people of the town until it was no longer necessary.. It became dangerous
just a few years ago, and the people filled it in. In 1970 a city water
system was installed, and a huge water tank was built on the Odessa
Wyatt place. Jim Offerman was the first water
commissioner. Since there were no radios around Ravenden until
the later part of the twenties, people had little contact with the outside
world except for the trains. Usually lhere were two passenger trains each
day, one going north, and one going south. Each day every citizen, who
was not engaged
in an activity which he could not leave, would
go to the depot to meet the train. The crowd may not have been too large
through the week, but on Sunday people from all the surrounding area would
be there to meet the
train, to see who got on, and who got off.
IT was one of the main centers of social life for many years. Each of the
ladies would arrive at the station dressed in her very best dress. While
waiting for the train to arrive much visiting took place, recipes were
exchanged and horse swapping took place. Passenger trains ran
continuously on this line until December 8, 1967. The passenger trains
certainly have been missed, for when they were here, people were able to
travel not only to far away places but they could visit people in nearby
towns as well. They were also able to buy things they couldn't before,
and this made the mail order catalogs quite popular. The Church of
Christ had the first church house to be built in Ravenden, in 1905.
The old building was later rebuilt. The present Methodist church building
was built in 1951, and the present Baptist church building in 1958.
Much of the social life was centered around the churchh If a boy wanted
to date a girl, he would wait outside the church and ask the girl if he
could "see her home," usually this meant walking. "Dinner on the ground"
was also a popular past time during the summer months. Table clothes were
spread on the ground, where the meal was eaten. Fried chicken and home
cured ham were the principal meats, while fresh garden vegetables, molasses
cake, and sweet potato pie rounded out the
menu. Since there were no refrigerators this
all had to be prepared on Sunday morning, before the lady of the house
went to church. Hotels were also important in the early years.
Many of their customers were "drummers" (later called salesman), who would
come in by train to drum-up business and leave the next day. There were
two hotels in the early 1900's, one was run by Bama Darter, and the other
run by Mrs. Sullins. The first lots for a public school building
were bought from Ralph and Hannah WeIch in 1887. The two story building
was completed the next
year. The first floor was used for school
and as a church for all denominations. The second floor was
used by Masonic Lodge No. 451. The school outgrew the building, and a two
story brick building was erected where the Municipal Building now stands
in 1918. The first floor had a big hall and two large rooms. The second
floor had one big room with a stage on one end· The
building was destroyed by fire in the fifties, but Ravenden School had
already consolidated with Sloan-Hendrix, at Imboden. The city used the
site to build the Municipal Building. Products of Ravenden were cotton,
corn, hay, cattle, and lumber. Cotton was the main source of cash for the
farmers, because the corn and the hay were fed to the cattle and hogs.
Before the days of trucks, cattle were driven many miles away to Ravenden.
They were put in stock pens while they awaited a local train, which would
take them to St.Louis. The country side was filled with virgin timber,
so it was only natural that sawmills sprang up near the town, and many
people were employed as timber cutters. Some of the lumber was used locally,
but much of it was shipped by railroad to larger places. Blacksmith
shops were a necessity when everything was done with horses and mules.
At one time there were two blacksmith shops in Ravenden. One was run by
Felex East and the other by Ode Griffing. L. W. Perry came here from
Kentucky around 1909, and married Pearl Wells. When Sam Ball died in 1917,
he left his store and land to his heirs. L. W. Perry acquired the store
soon afterward. Under L. W.Perry, the store was a very interesting place,
where horse collars, Vicks Salve, pickles, and spare parts for something
could be sold. On Saturday afternoon neighbors for miles around would
come to Perry's Store with their horse drawn wagons (only a few of the
promient families had buggies), and later in cars and pickups trucks. Here
eggs and butter were exchanged for coffee, and sugar, and other supplies.
It was a time of visiting and relaxation. Most of the families would arrive
about
one o'clock p.m., and spend the afternoon
with the adults visiting, the children playing and young men and women
getting acquainted. It was here many romances started. There were other
stores but none quite as popular as that of L. W. Perry. After the
slaves were freed most of the black people left and went to other places,
however, several negro families stayed around until the early thirties.
These people had their own church house, and their own
cemetery, which is located on the farm now
owned by Allen Murphy.
There were no racial problems as most
of the black people were in the "share-crop" system. When there was
a revival or gospel meeting meeting.held in
the late summer after the crops were put away. The Negroes
,
would come to the white man's church, and
sit on the back rows. The depot had two big waiting rooms, one for the
whites, and the other for the blacks. Ravenden always took care of
its own sick and dead, until about thirty years ago. Many home remedies
were used. Dr. Cleo Ball, son of Sam Ball, was the doctor here for many
years. He kept his own medicine, and made house calls whenever he was needed,
night or day. Usually he would diagnose the problem and give his own medicine.
When he was ready to leave he would say, "You owe me a dollar; pay me when
you can." He also pulled teeth when necessary. If someone was near death,
friends and neighbors would meet at the home and take turns "setting up,"
with them. If someone died the friends would lay out the body and build
a coffin.
Buying customs changed some when Higginbotham's Furneral Home was established around 1930 by Carson Higginbotham. Mr. Higginbotham was shot about ten years later, and there has not been a funeral home in Ravenden since that time. There are funeral homes in other towns where the people are now taken.
(29)
Ravenden countinues to bury at Opposition
Cemetery, and also at the Dail Cemetery is located on the Edd Hill farm
near Brown's Creek. This farm was owned by Luke Lee Dail, who came to this
area about in 1857. Later he donated the land for the cemetery, and a school
house, which was also used for church services on Sunday.
(30)
People worked hard, but there were times of
recreation. About once each year there was a big picnic, located near Watoga
Spring, and each family tried to get new clothes for the picnic. ln winter
there were get togethers" for making molasses candy and pop corn balls,
and an occasional square dance. On Sunday afternoons the men would meet
at the
"marble ground" and play marbles, pitch silver
dollars in holes, and play games of horseshoes. One of the marble grounds
was located on the Joe Morris farm in the 1920's. Little trouble
ever took place in Ravenden, however, a man was taken out of jail in Powhatan
by a band of people fr`m the Ravenden area and hanged. The man was charged
with mistreating a woman in the area.
(31)
The Bank off Ravenden was organized,
December 15, 1905, with T. J. Sharum as president. The bank closed voluntarily
March 15, 1930 when the Great Depression struck. Rex Moore
was the president when it closed.
(32)
In 1891 a United States Post Office
was established in Ravenden with Billy Wilson as the first post master.
The first rail route was a "Star Route" that went to Ravenden Springs.
Today Route One goes to Ravenden Springs, the Hamil Community, through
the "flat woods" and Opposition. Route Two goes around Ravenden Springs,
and within
a few miles of the Missouri State Line. Some
of the post masters of Ravenden have been John R. Dail, Robert Dail, Paul
Janes, and "Bob" Dail. The first telephone installed in Ravenden
was L. W. Perry's Store. Mr. Perry was very generous with his telephone,
andJ he was quick to get messages to his friends and neighbors. If a person
was called to talk on the phone, sooner or later everyone, up and down
the street, would drift in to listen to the conversation. Around 1960 private
phones were installed and no one had to go to Perry's Store to use the
telephone. There were a number of stores on Main Street, when in
the early 1930's the store of Charlie Preston caught fire. All the
stores on main street were destroyed except the one owned by L. W.
Perry. ln 1947 the Sixty three Highway was changed and a bridge was built
across what was formerly known as the Moore farm, thus the highway
did not go through Main Street. However, Mr. Perry still did a good
business on the street until he died around 1972. Due to the highway being
relocated most of the businesses were built on the new highway.
Today, in 1979, in Ravenden are two stores, a gas station, a beauty
shop, a motel and cafe, a body shop, cement plant, and a dairy bar.
The Mayor is Larry Gibbens; the Treasurer is Charles Roark; the alderman
are Joe Rone, John Starnes, Danny Smith, Alvin Hedrick and Mack Ellis.
The fire chief is Larry Dail, the water commissioner is Bob Clements.
Men who worked on the construction of the Railroad bridqe at Ravenden after a flood in 1917 are pictured here. Some of the men included in the picture are Diss Holland, Rube Church, Edd Hill and Homer Dail.
There also is a picture of a group of Ravenden young people enjoying an outing in about 1915. They are Mary Baird Hill, Emma Baird Holder, Rube Hill, Ida Pettyjohn, Eva Grey. Joe Pettyjohn, Annie Baird Morris, Will Kidwell.
Next Picture – Shown in front of Gill’s Cafe in Ravenden are Leah Dail Letha Gill and Mr. Gill.
End of Story
(1) Dalton F. Henderson,
of Northeast Arkansas, (Imboden, Arkansas.
(2) Ibid.
(3) Frances Smith,
"History of Opposition," Imboden Journal,
January 23,1969, p. 6.
(4)The Goodspeed Biographical and Historical
Memories of Northeast Arkansas,1937, pp. 797-799.
(5) Ibid p. 799
(6) The Goodspeed Biographical and Historical
Memories of Nor- theast Arkansas,1937, pp. 801-802.
(7) Ibid p. 803.
(8) Frances Smith, "History
of Opposition," Imboden Journal, January 30,1969, p. 4.
(9) Ibid.
(10) Frances Smith, "History of
Opposition," Imboden Journal, January 30,1969, p. 4.
(11) Ibid.
(I2) Frances Smith, "History
of Opposition," Imboden Journal, January 30,1969, p. 4.
(l3) Ibid.
(I4) Ibid.
(15) Frances Smith, "History of
Opposition," Imboden Journal, January 30, I969, p. 4.
(I6)Ibid.
(17)Ibid.
(18) Velma Lowery, "History
or Ravenden" (unpublished article, Ravenden, Arkansas, 1975),
p. 1.
(19) Ibid. p. 3
(20) Velma Lowery, "History of Ravenden"
(unpublished article, Ravenden, Arkansas,1957), p. l.
(21) Ibid p. 3.
(22) Ibid p. 5.
(23) Frances Smith,
"History of Opposition," Imboden Journal, January
30, 1969, p. 4.
(24) Walter McLeod, Centennial History
of Lawrence County, 1936, p. 57.
(25) Frances Smith, "History
of Oppositiorn," Imboden Journal February 6, p. 6.
(26) lbid.
(27) Walter McLeod,
Centennial History of Lawrence County
(Russellville, Arkansas, p. 57).
(28) Frances Smith, "History
of Opposition , Imboden Journal, February 6, p.
6.
(29) Willie Helper, Interviewed by Ted
Dail, "Ravenden," (Ravenden, Arkansas, Marrh 11, 1979).
(30) Lola EIlis, "History of the Dail
Family' (unpublished article, Ravenden, Arkansas, 1975), p. 12.
(31) Walter McLeod,
Centennial History of Lawrence County Russellville,
Arkansas, 1936, p. 89.
(3?) Ibid p. 85.